1

. Arthur N. Strahler, Science and Earth History (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1987), pp. 102, 129.

2

. Ivan R. King, “Globular Clusters,” Scientific American, Vol. 252, June 1985, pp. 79–88.

3

. Robert C. Kennicutt Jr., “An Old Galaxy in a Young Universe,” Nature, Vol. 381, 13 June 1996, pp. 555–556.

James Dunlop, “A 3.5-Gyr-Old Galaxy at Redshift 1.55,” Nature, Vol. 381, 13 June 1996, pp. 581–584.

4

. For this to happen quickly, evolutionists must assume that the first stars were giants, more than a hundred times larger than the Sun. (Theoretically, more massive stars would burn faster.) Thus, textbooks confidently say that the first stars were giants.

No one knows that the first stars were giants. It’s a required assumption if stars evolved. In fact, characteristics of the light we should see from the first generation of evolved stars is missing. [See Piero Madau, “Trouble at First Light,” Nature, Vol. 440, 20 April 2006, pp. 1002–1003.]

5

. James Glanz, “CO in the Early Universe Clouds Cosmologists’ Views,” Science, Vol. 273, 2 August 1996, p. 581.

“The presence of these [25] elements, particularly those heavier than iron, in such a young [distant] galaxy is striking. Fundamentally, it seems to indicate that in the galaxies (or at least in this galaxy) that formed relatively shortly after the Big Bang, the onset of star formation and related element production was very rapid.” John Cowan, “Elements of Surprise,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, p. 29.

Jason X. Prochaska et al., “The Elemental Abundance Pattern in a Galaxy at z=2.626,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, pp. 57–59.

6

. “According to standard models [all based on the big bang theory], the first stars needed at least 500 million years to begin lighting up and another 700 million to 1 billion years to manufacture heavy elements such as iron and spread them through space. [Wolfram] Freudling therefore expected that gas around the quasars, which were shining when the universe was just 900 million years old, would be metal-free. [Astronomers call the hundred or so heavier chemical elements “metals.”] Instead, he and his colleagues found the quasars are surrounded by copious amounts of iron.” Kathy A. Svitil, “Signs of Primordial Star Ignition Detected,” Discover, January 2004, p. 66.

“... quasar environments are metal rich at all red shifts.” F. Hamann et al., “Quasar Elemental Abundances and Host Galaxy Evolution,” Origin and Evolution of the Elements, Vol. 4, editors A. McWilliam and M. Rauch (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 12.

Ohta et al., “Detection of Molecular Gas in the Quasar BR 1202-0725 at Redshift z = 4.69,” Nature, Vol. 382, 1 August 1996, pp. 426–431.

“First, the chemical composition of quasars hints at early enrichments, indicative of star formation. Emission lines in the quasar spectrum can be used to measure their abundance of heavy elements, or ‘metallicity.’ Luminous, high-redshift quasars have roughly solar or higher metallicity, even at redshifts > 6, indicating that they existed in a metal-rich environment similar to that found in the centers of massive galaxies.” Xiaohui Fan, “Black Holes at the Cosmic Dawn,” Science, Vol. 300, 2 May 2003, p. 752.

7

. Fabian Walter et al., “Molecular Gas in the Host Galaxy of a Quasar at Redshift z=6.42,” Nature, Vol. 424, 24 July 2003, pp. 406–408.

8

. Jeff Kanipe, “Galaxies at the Confusion Limit,” Astronomy, December 1988, pp. 56–58.

R. F. Carswell, “Distant Galaxy Observed,” Nature, Vol. 335, 8 September 1988, p. 119.

9

. Dietrick E. Thomsen, “Farthest Galaxy Is Cosmic Question,” Science News, Vol. 133, 23 April 1988, pp. 262–263.

M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Pushing Back the Redshift Limit,” Science, Vol. 239, 12 February 1988, pp. 727–728.

M. Mitchell Waldrop, “The Farthest Galaxies: A New Champion,” Science, Vol. 241, 19 August 1988, p. 905.

Dietrick E. Thomsen, “Galaxies in a Primitive State,” Science News, Vol. 133, 23 January 1988, p. 52.