1. The word “race,” as applied to groups of people, is never used in the King James Version and is seldom used in modern translations. The two or three uses in these modern translations come from Hebrew and Greek words that mean “family” or “offspring,” not a variety or subspecies.
2. A fourth mechanism may play a role. Experiments with a few plants and animals have shown that a hostile environment can switch on preexisting genetic machinery in a parent, so offspring are better protected. [ See Item 2 on page 8.] This may partially explain skin color variations in humans.
3. “Biological arguments for racism may have been common before 1859 [when Darwin wrote The Origin of Species], but they increased by orders of magnitude following the acceptance of evolutionary theory.” Stephen Jay Gould, Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 127.
u Roger Lewin, Bones of Contention (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1987), pp. 266–267.